Std 8 th Marathi Grammar. व क य आण व क य च प रक र. व क य स प र ण अर ण व यक त करर ऱ य शब द सम ह ल व क य म हर त त. व क य च प रक र (Kinds of Sentences) १

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1 Std 8 th Marathi Grammar. व क य आण व क य च प रक र. व क य स प र ण अर ण व यक त करर ऱ य शब द सम ह ल व क य म हर त त. व क य च प रक र (Kinds of Sentences) १) ववध न र थ व क य ज य व क य त क वळ ववध न क ल ल असत त य ल ववध न र व क य म हर त त. उद. (१) म झ घर दव ख न य जवळ आह. (२) त र ज व य य म करत न ह. २) प रश न र थ व क य य प रक रच य व क य त प रश न ववच रल ल असत. उद. (१) त ल ल ड आवडत क? (२) त म ह सक ळ कध उठत? ३) उद ग र र थ व क य - य प रक रच य व क य त भ वन च उद ग र क ढल ल असत. उद. (१) अर र! फ र व ईट झ ल. (२) श ब स! च गल क म क ल स. ४) आज ञ र थ व क य य प रक रच य व क य त आज ञ कक व आद श असत. उद. (१) म ल न, र ग त चल. (२) उत तम आर ग य स ठ व य य म कर. ५) क वलव क य क वल व क यत एकच ववध न असत. क वल व क य ह ववध न र, प रश न र, आज ञ र, ह क र र कक व नक र र य त ल क र त य ह प रक रच अस शकत. उद. (१) त र ज सक ळ लवकर उठत. (२) न शशक स ड न बर जळग वल आल त? ६) म श रव क य शमश र व क य त द न कक व अधधक व क य असत त. ज एकम क वर अवल ब न असत त. एक म ख य व क य असत तर म ख य व क य वर अवल ब न असर र व क य ग र असत. उद. (१) ज व ह मन त य ईल, त व ह म ग व ल ज ईल. (२) प वस ळ आल क आक श त क ळ ढग जम न प ऊस पडत.

2 ७) स य क त व क य - स य क त व क य त द न व क य अस न त उभय न वय अव यय न ज डल ल असत त. त स वत त र असत त अर णच य द ष ट न त एकम क वर अवल ब न नसत त. त एक ज ड व क य असत. उद. (१) म द र ज सक ळ गणर त च अभ य स करत आणर स ध य क ळ मर ठ च य अभ य स करत. (२) शमहहर ख ख त भ ग घ ईल कक व ल गड ख ळ ल. प र. १) ख ल ल व क य च प रक र ओळख. १) आज रववव र आह. ववध न र थ व क य. २) मह र ष र च र जध न क र त? - प रश न र थ व क य. ३) अबब! क वढ प रच ड आग ह! उद ग र र थ व क य. ४) ग हप ठ व ळ वर प र ण कर. आज ञ र थ व क य. ५) म झ ब ब परग व ग ल. ववध न र थ व क य. ६) उद य सक ळ सगळय न व ळ वर हजर रह. आज ञ र थ व क य. ७) ब पर! क वढ म ठ स प. उद ग र र थ व क य. ८) द द क ठ ग ल? - प रश न र थ व क य. ९) ततच य फ ल तल पर ग प ण य त च रग ळल, त ज भळ र ग शमळत. म श रव क य. १०) अजय आ ब ख ईल कक व सफरच द ख ईल. स य क त व क य. ११) श तल पह ट उठत आणर एक त स व य य म करत. स य क त व क य.

3 Decimal form of a rational numbers Terminating decimal form Egs: 3/5=0.6 7/2=3.5 11/8=1.375 In all the above examples, the remainder is zero. Here, the process of division ends. Such a decimal form of a rational number is called a terminating decimal form. Non-terminating decimal form 5/6= /11= /999= In the above examples, the process of division is unending. Here, either a digit or a group of digits is repeated. Such a decimal form of a rational number is called a nonterminating recurring decimal form.

4 Note: Here, group of three digits are repeated ie is 2,4,&3. Read as Zero point recurring 243

5 Note: Here, group of five digits are repeated ie is 4,2,8,5,7 & 1. Read as Zero point recurring

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7 Note: Here, group of Seven digits are repeated ie is 8,4,6,1,5,3 & 8. Read as Zero point recurring

8 Lesson 2. PARALLEL LINES AND TRANSVERSALS

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10 A C B D Alternate angles 1) AGH & DHG 2) BGH & CHG Corresponding angles 1) EGA & GHC 2) AGH & CHF 3) EGB & GHD 4) BGH & DHF Pairs of angles made by a transversal : 1)Alternate angles 2)Corresponding angles 3)Interior angles Interior angles 1) AGH & CHG 2) BGH & DHG

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13 Solution: Line m line n & line p is a transversal. x+3x= interior angles are supplementary 4x=180 0 x=180/4=45 Ans (C)=45 0 Solution: Let us show angle a in the figure a=2x..vertically opposite angles 4x+2x=180.interior angles are supplementary 6x=180 x=180/6=30 0 Ans (D)=30 0

14 Q.2) In the given figure, line p line q. Line t & line s are transversals Find measures of x & y using the measures of angles given in the figure.

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17 Std VIII Science Fr. Agnel School Waliv, Vasai (E.) Chapter 1 - Living world and classification of microbes Q. No. 1 Use Whittaker method to classify bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes. Q. No. 2 Complete the five kingdom method of classification using living organisms, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, multicellular, unicellular, Protista, animals, plants, fungi. Ans. Q.no. 3 Find out my partner: 1) Fungi Candida 2) Protozoa Amoeba 3) Virus Bacteriophage 4) Algae Chlorella 5) Bacteria Prokaryotic

18 Q. No.4 State whether the following statements are true or false. Explain your statement. 1) Lactobacilli are harmful bacteria. Ans. False. Lactobacilli are useful bacteria; it helps in breaking down of food and absorption of nutrients. 2) Cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin. Ans. True. 3) Organ of locomotion in amoeba is pseudopodia. Ans. True. 4) Tomato wilt is a viral disease. Ans. True. Q. No. 5 Give answers:- 1) State the merits of Whittaker s method of classification. Ans. Following are the merits of Whittaker s method of classification- a) Prokaryotes have got a separate place as kingdom Monera in five kingdom classification. b) Unicellular and multicellular organisms are kept separate. c) Fungi are placed in separate kingdom as their mode of nutrition differs from all other organisms. d) Autotrophs and heterotrophs are placed in separate groups. e) Classification is also based on life style and phylogenetic relationship. 2) Write the characteristics of viruses. Ans. a) Viruses are extremely minute i.e. they are 10 to 100 times smaller than bacteria and can be seen only with electron microscope. b) They are found in the form of independent particles. Virus is a long molecule of DNA or RNA covered by a protein coat. c) Viruses survive only in living plant or animal cells and produce their own proteins with the help of host cell and create their numerous replicas. Then they destroy the host cell and become free. These free viruses again infect new cells. d) Viruses cause many diseases to plants and animals. 3) Explain the nutrition in fungi. Ans. a) These are found in decaying organic matter and dead bodies of plants and animals. b) Saprotrophic, absorb their food from decaying organic matter.

19 4) Which living organisms are included in the kingdom Monera? Ans. All types of bacteria and blue green algae are included in the kingdom Monera.. Q. No. 6 Who am I? a) I don t have true nucleus, cell organelles or plasma membrane. Ans. Prokaryote. b) I have nucleus and membrane bound cell organelles. Ans. Eukaryote. c) I live on decaying organic matter. Ans. fungus. d) I reproduce mainly by cell division. Ans. Bacteria. e) I can produce my replica. Ans. virus. f) I am green, but don t have organs. Ans. algae. Q. No. 7 Draw neat and labeled diagrams:- 1) Different types of bacteria 2) Paramoecium 3) Bacteriophage Q. No. 8. Arrange the following in ascending order of size Bacteria, Fungi, Viruses, Algae. Ans. Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi, Algae.

20 Fr. Agnel School Waliv, Vasai (E.) Std VIII Chapter 2 Health and Disease Q. No. 1 Distinguish between Infectious and non-infectious diseases. Ans. Infectious diseases Non-infectious diseases 1) Infectious disease is also called as 1) Non-infectious disease is also called as noncommunicable disease as they do not pass on communicable disease as they spread from infected person to healthy person. from one person to another. 2) Caused by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, 2) Caused by factors such as genetics, fungi, protozoans). environment and lifestyle. 3) Infection is transmitted through direct 3) Infection is not transmitted through direct contact or through medium. contact or medium. 4) Eg.- cold, influenza, chicken pox, etc. 4) Eg.- Down syndrome, skin cancer, etc. Q. No. 2 Identify the odd term:- a. Malaria, hepatitis, elephantiasis, dengue. Ans. Odd one out Hepatitis b. Plague, AIDS, cholera, T.B. Ans. Odd one out AIDS Q. No. 3 Answer in one or two sentences:- a) Which are various media of spreading the infectious diseases? Ans. Most common way of spreading of disease is through direct transfer. Also disease is spread through air, water, food, soil, animals, insects, etc. Thus, it is necessary to prevent direct contact or any other means of disease transfer, from infected person to healthy individual. b) Give the names of 5 non-infectious diseases other than given in the lesson. Ans. Chronic kidney disease, colour blindness, sickle cell disease, turner syndrome and Down s syndrome are some of the non-infectious diseases that are not mentioned in the chapter. c) Which are the main reasons of diabetes and heart diseases? Ans. Some of the main reasons for diabetes are obesity, lack of physical exercise, mental stress and heredity. Whereas, reasons for heart diseases include smoking, alcoholism, obesity, lack of physical exercise, heredity, hypertension, diabetes, mental stress, anger and anxiety.

21 Q. No. 4 What can be achieved / can be prevented? a. Drinking boiled and filtered water. Ans. It prevents water borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery, etc. b. Avoiding smoking and alcoholism. Ans. It prevents occurrences of cancer and heart diseases. c. Regular balanced diet and exercise. Ans. It can cure certain types of cancer and also, helps the individual to stay healthy. d. Proper checking of blood before blood donation. Ans. Prevents the spread of diseases through blood, such as AIDS. Q. No. 5 Read the passage and answer the questions:- (Master X is a 3 year old child. He is living with his family in a slum. Public toilet is present near his house. His father is drunkard. His mother does not know the importance of balanced diet.) a) Master X can suffer from which different possible diseases in above conditions? Ans. Master X may get infected with water borne diseases such as typhoid, cholera, dysentery and jaundice. Also, chances of dengue fever and malaria in slums is higher due to water logging. Mosquitoes which spread these diseases increase in population due to water logging. b) How will you help him and his family in this situation? Ans. Master X and his family should be made aware of the diseases that may infect them if they live in unhygienic conditions. They need to know the outcome of diseases like dengue, cholera, typhoid, etc. and how these are transmitted. His father should be made aware of the problems of alcoholism. Insist his mother to follow a balanced diet for a healthy family. c) Which disease can occur to the father of master X? Ans. Father of master X may get cancer due to extreme alcoholism. It can be prevented, if he avoids alcohol and lead a disciplined life. Q. No. 6 Give the preventive measures of following diseases:- a. Dengue Ans. Mosquitoes that spread dengue lay eggs in water logged places and thereby their population increases. Thus, water should not be allowed to be retained in tyres, broken glass or any other materials. Also, cover your hands, especially lower limbs which prevent mosquitoes to spread dengue.

22 b. Cancer Ans. Cancer can be prevented by leading a healthy lifestyle. Avoid consumption of tobacco, guthka, cigarettes, alcohol, etc. which triggers cancer in the body. Also, consumption of food with high fibre, and avoiding junk food should be followed to prevent cancer. Proper physical exercise should be followed to maintain a healthy lifestyle. c. AIDS Ans. Avoid usage of used needles/syringes. Even in barber shop ask the barber to use new blade for shaving. If required, only use blood from blood bank and make sure it is disease free. Q. No. 7 Explain the importance of a) Balanced diet and b) Physical exercise/yogasanas Ans. Lifestyle of an individual plays major role in maintaining a proper health. Lack of physical exercises and consumption of junk food are the reason why people are getting sick frequently. Thus, it is important to maintain balance diet and do physical exercises. (a) Balanced or healthy diet helps to maintain or improve overall health and provides the body with essential nutrients such as micronutrients, macronutrients, adequate calories, etc. (b) The importance of physical exercise or Yogasanas is to bring in physical or mental disciplines and to achieve a peaceful mind. It helps to manage stress and anxiety in this modern world. Q. No. 8 Make a list:- a. Viral diseases fever, coughing, sneezing, body ache. b. Bacterial diseases cholera, typhoid, pneumonia, ulcers. c. Diseases spread through insects dengue, yellow fever, malaria, Zika virus. d. Hereditary diseases Cancer, Sickle cell anemia, Down syndrome, Hypertension. Q. No. 9 Write the information on modern diagnostics and treatments of cancer. Ans. a. Several techniques like MRI scan, CT scan, biopsy and mammography are used in diagnosis of cancer. b. In case of treatment, along with conventional method like chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery, modern techniques like robotic and laparoscopic surgery are also followed. c. Also, controlled diet prevents some types of cancer, d. Physical exercise along with modern treatment is more beneficial to cure the cancer. Q. No. 10 Enlist the names and composition of the medicines present at your home.(omit)

23 Std-8 th HISTORY Chapter 1: Sources of History Q1. Rewrite the statements by choosing the appropriate options: 1. Among the historical sources audio-visual sources are based on modern technology. 2. The Aga Khan Palace is a museum in Pune which gives information about the history of Mahatma Gandhi. 3. A unique discovery of modern technology in the 20th century is film. Q2. Explain the following statements with reasons: 1. During the British period newspapers also acted as a source of social reformation. Ans: a) Newspapers like Amrit Bazaar Patrika, Deenbandhu, Dnyanoday, Kesari, etc. acted as an important source to awaken the minds of the people. b) Newspapers in the British period not only opposed imperialism but also educated the masses and created awareness among the people. c) The Nibandhmala by Vishnushastri Chiplunkar and Shatapatre written by Lokahitawadi alias Gopal Hari Deshmukh published in the weekly Prabhakar commented on various social and cultural issues. d) Newspapers threw light on ill-customs like sati, child marriage, ban on widow remarriage, etc. and awakened minds of the people. e) We came to know about various policies of the British towards India and their effects on India. f) Thus, newspapers were not only a source of political events but also acted as a source of social reformation. 2. Audio-visual recordings are considered the most trustworthy source for the study if modern history. Ans: Audio-visual recordings are considered the most trustworthy source for the study if modern history because a) Important events during the freedom struggle could be seen in reality. b) Audio-visuals of the Dandi March, Quit India movement, Salt Satyagraha and other historical events are available. c) Films also dealt with subjects like social problems superstitions and evil practices. They reflect contemporary social, religious and political issues. Therefore, audio-visual recordings are considered as a unique discovery of the 20 th century. Q3. Write short notes: 1. Photographs: Ans: a) Before the invention of photography, paintings were an important source of history. But the authenticity of paintings was doubtful. b) Photographs are considered more reliable as the lens capture the persons events and objects exactly as they spear.

24 c) The photograph of a person gives information about the physical features, dressing style, etc. d) Photographs enable us to recreate visual images of an event. The photograph of an object or structure helps in understanding its nature. Hence, photographs are an important visual source of modern Indian history. 2. Museums and History: Ans: a) A place where ancient artefacts, paintings, photographs, tools, coins, documents, clothes, etc are exhibited is known as a museum. b) Ancient artefacts give us information about the economic, social, political and religious conditions of the respective period. c) The metal and the inscription on the coin tell us about the economic condition of that period and the metals used. d) We come to know the progress in art of making tools, paintings, sculpture and metallurgy. e) History and museums are related. They are an important source of writing history. 3. Audio sources: Ans: a) Recording is a form of audio source in history. b) The discovery of the technique of recording was very important. c) Akashvani, audio tapes are considered important audio sources. d) Jana Gana Mana sung by Rabindranath Tagore, speeches of leaders and personalities like those of Subhash Chandra Bose and Mahatma Gandhi were broadcasts from Akashvani. e) We get to know about prevalent social, cultural, intellectual and educational history of a particular period from audio sources. It is helpful for students conducting research in history.

25 STD: VIII SUBJECT: GEOGRAPHY Chapter no 1: Local Time and Standard Time. Q. Write the full form of the following: 1) IST- Indian Standard Time. 2) GMT- Greenwich Mean Time. 3) NIST- National Institute of Standard and Technology. 4) NPL- National Physical Laboratory of India. Q. Complete the sentence by selecting the correct option. 1) The earth requires 24 hours for one rotation in one hour 15 longitudes will face the sun. 2) To calculate, the difference between the local time of any two places on the earth the difference in degrees of their longitude should be known. 3) The difference between the local time of any two consecutive longitude is 04 minutes. 4) The local time of a place on the earth s surface is determined with reference to its noon time. Q. Give Geographical reason. 1) The local time is decided by the noon time. Ans: i) The local time of a place is fixed with reference to an apparent movement of the sun. ii) When the sun is overhead in the sky, it is mid-day or 12 noon. iii) The noon time is the same at any given longitude across the earth i.e from the North Pole to South pole. 2) The Local time at Greenwich is considered to be the International Standard Time. Ans: i) Greenwich is an 0 longitude in London. ii) When the sun is at its highest point exactly above the Prime Meridian it is noon at Greenwich.

26 iii) The local time increases by 4 minutes for every longitude towards west of Greenwich and decreases by 4 minutes for every Longitude towards East of Greenwich. iv) People living in a large area across different longitude interact with each other. To avoid confusion International Standard Time is convenient. 3) The standard time of India has been decided by the local time at 82.5 C E longitude. Ans: i) 82.5 longitude passes through the middle of the country with reference to its longitudinal extend. ii) When, the sun is directly overhead on this longitude, then it is assumed that the time is 12 noon across India. iii) There is no difference of more than one hour between the local time at 82.5 longitude and other places in the country. 4) Canada has 6 different standard times. Ans: i) If the difference between the longitudinal extend of the country is less than one or two hours, then the country has only one standard time. ii) The longitudinal extend (East- West extend) of Canada is four and a half hours. iii) From West to East the time zones are, Pacific Mountains, Central, Eastern, Atlantic and New found land. Q. Answer in brief. 1) If it is 12 noon at 60 E longitude, then explain what would be the time at 30 W longitude. Ans: i) As we move towards the east of the prime meridian, the local increases by 4 minutes for every longitude. ii) As we move towards the west of the prime meridian, the local time decreases by 4 minutes for every longitude. The difference between 60 E longitude and 30 W longitude = 90 Difference in local time= 90 x 4 = 360 minutes = minutes = 6 hours

27 This shown the time at 30 W would be 6 a.m. in the morning. 2) How is the standard time of a place determined? Ans: i) Standard time is determined on the basis of time zones, into which the earth is divided. ii) Standard time is same for a particular country as it is established by the law of a country. iii) Standard time is determined by the distance, east or west from Prime Meridian at Greenwich of the line of longitude lying with in the region. 3) A football match begins played at Sao Paulo Brazil started in India at 6 am. IST. Explain what would be the local time at Sao Paulo? Ans: India lies on 82 East Longitude. Brazil lies on 45 West Longitude. The different in longitudes between the two places is 127 Total difference in time = 127 x 4 = 508mins = = 8.28 hours Approx. 8 hours and 30 mins. Ahead of Brazil India is 8 hours and 30 mins. Ahead of Brazil It is 6 am in India. Local time at Sao Paulo Brazil will be 9.30 pm the previous day. 4) If it is 10 pm on 21 st June at Prime Meridian write the dates and time at A, B and C in the table. PLACE LONGITUDE DATE TIME A 120 E 22 nd June 6 am B 160 W 21 st June am C 60 E 22ne June 2 am